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If I say the word Apple, you say the word Macintosh.

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But if I played the same game just a few years ago and said Apple,

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you would probably say 2 or 2E or 2+, for it was the Apple II that started this company.

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But with the recent success of the Macintosh and the Mac II in particular,

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there have been rumors that the old Apple II was headed for the orphanage.

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Not so, for there's a new Apple IIc and a new Apple IIgs.

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Today we take a look at the new generation of Apple II computers on this edition of the Computer Chronicles.

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♪♪

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The Computer Chronicles is made possible in part by McGraw-Hill,

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publishers of Byte Magazine, and Bix, the Byte Information Exchange.

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In print and online, Byte and Bix serve computer professionals worldwide

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with detailed information on new hardware, software, and technologies.

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♪♪

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Welcome to the Computer Chronicles. I'm Stuart Shiffey.

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And this is Gary Kildall.

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Gary, what I've got over here in this little briefcase is an original Apple I computer.

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Before they thought about cases for computers, this guy put it into his briefcase.

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This is literally a museum piece, but it's only about 10 years old.

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And of course it represents state-of-the-art technology at the time for personal computers.

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Knowing what we know about technology and PCs today,

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what is the point in coming out with a new 8-bit computer like the 2C Plus?

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Well, Stuart, it's important to understand what the Apple really, where it came from.

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Steve Wozniak is the guy that engineered this thing,

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and he was a video person as well as a computer person.

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He realized you could put these two things together.

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Great for playing games, real low cost because you hook it to your TV set.

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As a result, they got a head start on a lot of the other PC computer manufacturers.

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A lot of software was produced, good customer base.

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This is a sufficient machine for a lot of people to use in education, in the home, and so forth.

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And Apple said, well, why not serve a set of customer base and give them a new machine?

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Well, we're going to take a look at that new machine today.

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It's the Apple 2C Plus, and we'll see how it has improved on its ancestors.

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We'll also take a look at GSOS, the new operating system for the Apple II GS,

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and its new ability to work with a CD-ROM drive.

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Now, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak were the architects of this early generation of Apple II computer.

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John Scully is the driving force behind Apple now,

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and we're going to start out this program by visiting John Scully in his office at Apple

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to find out about the company's real commitment to the future of the Apple II.

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Since its introduction over 10 years ago,

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the Apple II has proven to be a sturdy and persistent computer

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with a loyal following of devoted fans.

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There are now about 4.5 million of them scattered around the world.

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But company support for the Apple II line, at least in the eyes of its owners,

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hasn't always been evident, as Apple president John Scully admits.

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Well, I think in many ways that Apple II users have felt abandoned by Apple

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because they haven't heard many messages from the top people in our organization

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to give them encouragement that the Apple II was important.

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And to be perfectly honest, this was a very conscious direction on our part

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as we were trying to convince business users that Apple wasn't in the home computer business only,

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that we were also able to provide very powerful business workstations.

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Without the success of the Macintosh in business, we couldn't afford

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the huge investment we have in research and development

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and the support of proprietary technologies for Macintosh and the Apple II.

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Today, the Apple II has become three machines,

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including the little-changed IIe, the colorful IIgs, and the portable IIc+.

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But increasingly, the Apple II series appears to be headed in a different direction

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from the company's most powerful and expensive computer, the Macintosh.

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The best way to really understand the two products is to look at the software bases that they have.

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The software base for the Apple II is largely educational software and enthusiast software,

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and it continues to have a tremendous amount of new software as well as many popular titles from the past.

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The Macintosh, on the other hand, from the start was a computer that was aimed at higher education,

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colleges, universities, as well as business.

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Apple Computer has other reasons, beside owner loyalty, to keep the Apple II line moving forward.

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For one, it's a billion-dollar industry all by itself,

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and the machine has captured over 60% of the educational market.

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Moreover, the installed base is enough to keep users and suppliers busy for many more years.

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There are a lot of businesses that adopted the Apple II a long time ago,

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that already had made the investment in Apple IIs, don't want to give up that investment.

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They have their files on Apple II computers, and so the Apple IIgs has found its way into many small businesses.

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As with any other kind of computer product, the marketplace determines whether a computer will live or die,

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and John Scully believes that customers for the Apple II will be around for some time to come.

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We're going to do everything we can to make the Macintosh as powerful as we can,

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but it doesn't mean that there aren't people out there who like a stick shift,

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who want to have the real feel of the chips, and that's the experience that you get with an Apple II.

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You're close to the technology.

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♪♪♪

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Joining us in the studio now is Laura Kurohara, product manager for the Apple IIc Plus,

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and next to Laura is Bill Cleary, formerly with Apple, formerly with the Apple division of Activision,

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and now out on your own with Bill Cleary Communications. Gary?

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Laura, I'd say there's quite an improvement over the Apple that was in the briefcase.

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That Apple.

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What is the new features of the Plus?

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Okay, just to start off with, we used to have in the IIc a 5 1⁄4-inch disk drive,

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and now we have a 3 1⁄2-inch disk drive.

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So what that offers is five times the storage capacity and three times faster than 5 1⁄4

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accessing your programs.

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We used to have a power supply that was external on the IIc.

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We all remember the power supply.

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Yes, brick on the leash.

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What we've done is internalized the power supply, and it resides right here inside the case.

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So we've done the obvious changes to the C, to the C Plus,

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so that they're obvious but they were important features that we needed to do to improve the C.

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Just to be clear, that's not part of the new IIc.

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No, it's not.

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It's the old generation.

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It's the old generation, and it has gone away.

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How about speed improvements? Is it a faster processor now?

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Yes. What we have done is we have a custom accelerator chip that is in the C Plus,

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and what it does is help perform a 4 MHz operation function for the user.

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So instead of running at 1 MHz where the IIc originally ran at,

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you are running at 4 MHz operational mode, and this is optional to the user.

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So you cold boot the machine, and you're coming up in 4 MHz,

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and then you can do a keystroke selection and go into 1 MHz operation.

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So those programs that are dependent upon timing can still run in the new?

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You've got a demo, I think, in which you can show us the difference in those two speeds, could you?

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Yes. What I've done is this is going to be operating in 1 MHz,

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so you get an idea of where we were at and where we're coming to.

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So what I did is this is Math Blaster Plus.

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It's a popular software application for education.

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It's a game on learning your math.

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So we'll go into here, and we'll be able to see across here.

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If you take a look at this little guy running across here, and I turn the volume up,

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you're going to get an idea of what look and sound of 1 MHz look like.

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Now, if I go in and I reset the machine, I'm going to reset the program into 4 MHz.

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While we're waiting for it to reboot, then, you're mentioning the 3 1⁄2-inch floppies now.

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Are you concerned at all that, I mean, the whole issue with the Apple II, of course,

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is the gigantic amount of software out there, all of which is on 5 1⁄4.

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Aren't you concerned now that by switching disk formats,

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this sort of throws out that whole advantage to the user?

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Well, we were real concerned about that during our development process.

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So what we did is we seeded over 200 of our software and hardware developers,

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the majority of them being software developers.

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And what we wanted to assure is going from a transition of 5 1⁄4-inch media to 3 1⁄2.

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And what we did is, during this development process, encouraged developers to move to the 3 1⁄2

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and make it available in their separate kit units on the dealer's shelves.

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So on the day of introduction, we were real proud of the fact that we were able to announce

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over 500 software applications available on 3 1⁄2-inch media in that separate box.

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So the user could walk in and purchase that software application, walk home,

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and you'll have this 3 1⁄2 there without having to send a coupon in.

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Okay. Can you show us 4 MHz now?

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Yes. Now we reboot it, and we'll go back into the game portion selection.

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And we're going to see this little guy running around again.

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Yeah, you'll be able to hear it and see it.

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Watch him run at 4 MHz.

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You're right.

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Back into here and choose Level 1.

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And here it's obviously showing you a faster speed. That's three times the performance of the original.

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Now, Bill, obviously, I'm not going to buy a new computer to have this little guy run faster.

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What are the advantages, really, to the 2C+, and the kinds of users who would use that,

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to the greater speed, to the 3 1⁄2-inch floppy, and so on?

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I think there's a lot of, you know, the real excitement about Apple's Apple II line, I think,

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over the years has been the large number of third-party solutions out there.

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Products like AppleWorks, which provide, from Clarus, which provide incredible functionality

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in terms of home productivity or even running a small business.

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There's just a large number. Everything from PrintShop, which is really an Apple II prototype

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for desktop publishing, which actually impacted the high end of the business.

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The Apple II is just a phenomenal machine, and the real mystery or the real secret about it,

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I think, can be summed up in a phone conversation, just paraphrasing what happened a few years ago

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when I was working as a vice president of marketing at a software company here in Silicon Valley.

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And I was asked, why isn't the Amiga going to knock off this machine?

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And the answer was real simple. I said, I think the Amiga can knock off the Apple II

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if it does the following things.

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If it can before, within the next two months, get 60% of the education market,

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if it can get 10,000 software programs out there, and if it can get, at the time,

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2 1⁄2 million loyal users to support it. And I think that's part of the magic of the Apple II.

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And there's a lot of reasons why I think people continue to buy them.

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Laura, you talked about, and we talked about the 3 1⁄2 inch floppy.

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You've got some more options now with the IIc Plus in terms of peripheral drives and so on, don't you?

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Yes, we did. What we added to the line with the original IIc,

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if you wanted 3 1⁄2 inch media compatibility, you use the Unidisc.

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What we've added to the line is still the option of using the Unidisc,

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the Apple 3.5, which you can use on the Apple IIgs, and then the Apple 5.25.

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So now you have all three drives that are compatible for the product,

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for the Apple IIc product in our line.

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It's amazing how large that looks now, isn't it?

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Yeah.

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That's a new size disk.

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Bill, what do you think about the positioning of this particular machine, the IIc Plus?

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Is that going to be in the same traditional niche where the II has been?

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Well, you look at the evolution of machines.

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You've got the IIgs, which provides improved sound and graphics,

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and the mouse interface that people are familiar with on the Macintosh computer.

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I think the difference, I think the IIc makes a lot of sense for people,

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and I don't know from a positioning standpoint what this means,

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but for people whose kids may be in K-12 using an Apple IIe,

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which is the standard in schools, to go home and to buy for the home an Apple IIc,

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it makes a lot of sense. It's a logical choice at Christmas time.

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What other products would you like to see coming out from Apple?

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Personally, because I have a lot of Apple IIc software

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that's been associated with the machine for eight years now,

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the Apple II family of products, not just the IIc.

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I would say I'd like to see a machine that has,

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where I could run all the high-end Macintosh stuff

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and also could run all the Apple II stuff.

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It's probably an unmissable dream.

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You want the Apple Master Machine.

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The Master Machine.

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It's about the size of the IIc Plus there with a flat panel screen

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on plane trips and whatnot, or if I wanted to run some old II stuff,

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I could still do that. I think it would be a fantastic product.

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I know Apple can't formally comment on this, but what would you think about that?

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A laptop Apple IIc, battery-powered, flat screen and so on,

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would that be a sensible product?

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I think from a cost standpoint, it would be very difficult for Apple to do a product like that.

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I see the GS as sort of an evolutionary step in terms of giving people the Macintosh interface,

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but I don't know whether or not from a cost standpoint you could do a machine that had a coprocessor

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that could accommodate both sides of the Apple family.

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But to me, it would be the ideal machine.

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Personally, I would love to buy one.

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Okay, Bill, Laura, thank you very much.

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Now, the Apple IIc Plus is not the only new II coming out of Apple these days.

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There's a new Macintosh II, the Mac IIx, and Wendy Woods takes a look at that new machine.

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The top-of-the-line Apple model, the Macintosh IIx, breaks new ground for the company.

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It's the first Apple Mac to use Motorola's powerful new 68030 microprocessor.

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It's got a standard memory of 4 megabytes, runs at 16 megahertz, is 10 to 30 percent faster than the Macintosh II,

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and most importantly, is the first Apple product to read and write to the IBM MS-DOS format.

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The message we get most clearly is people love our technology and they want to use it,

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and the less painful we can make it for them to transition out of an old technology,

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the easier it is for us to sell our technology.

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The Macintosh IIx drive is operated by Apple's file exchange software,

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which can read and write 3.5-inch MS-DOS or OS II diskettes, Macintosh diskettes, or Apple II ProDOS diskettes.

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In this demonstration, the IIx is reading and converting a Lotus 123 file made on an MS-DOS laptop

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to a file that can be used in Microsoft Excel on the Macintosh.

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Within a few years, this top of the line will become the middle of the line,

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and you can see the direction in which Apple is heading,

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a future of powerful color Macintoshes in which the data from many kinds of machines will be interchangeable.

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In Cupertino, California, for the Computer Chronicles, I'm Wendy Woods.

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[♪ music playing ♪

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With us in the studio now is Anne Bachtold, product manager for the Apple IIgs,

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and next to Anne is Stu Roberson, director for marketing with Activision.

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Anne, over the years we've seen various versions of the Apple II.

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We just saw the C-plus and so forth.

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How do you differentiate the GS from the rest of the Apple line?

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The GS is the top of the line for the Apple II product family,

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and it sells into both consumer as well as education markets,

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but it's really the most powerful platform we have.

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But it is still an Apple II.

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Oh, it's definitely an Apple II, and it runs all the Apple II software that's available.

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Can you show us what it looks like?

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Sure, sure.

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The key thing, Anne, is really the operating system.

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It's not a new machine, it's a new operating system.

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The GS has been out for almost two years,

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and what I'm booting up right now is the new Apple IIgs system software, version 4.0,

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which we recently introduced about a month ago at Apple Fest.

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While it's booting up, have you identified the customer base?

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Now, obviously you have over the past two years.

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Who buys the GS?

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People who are interested in doing home productivity, families,

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and we have a very large education base in both K-12 areas as well as some college base,

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but it's primarily a K-12 machine and home productivity machine for families.

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So what we're booting into right now is basically the heart of the new system software, which is GSOS,

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the new operating system.

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And some of the improvements that GSOS brings to the GS are, first of all, increased disk access,

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which, as you can see, definitely speeds the boot time of the system over our previous system software.

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And we've also introduced the concept of file system translation.

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Essentially what file system translation allows us to do is access data files from other operating systems.

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And what we've done is we've created new tools called FSTs or file system translators, which allow us to do that.

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And one of the things I'd like to demonstrate today is the file system translator for the High Sierra file system.

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As you can see, we've got a system right here that's configured with CD-ROM.

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And one of the things that we can do is through using the High Sierra FST,

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we can actually access applications, CD-ROM applications, such as Bookshelf, which is from Microsoft.

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And bring it right into Multiscribe.

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Multiscribe is a very popular GS word processing program. A lot of our users have it.

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So what I am right now, I'm in a Multiscribe file.

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And what I'm going to do is go into my disk area,

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and I'll go ahead and scan through some of my different volumes here until I bring up Bookshelf.

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And I'll go ahead and open a Bookshelf file.

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Let's just say I want to access Bartlett's quotations, for instance.

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And I've actually imported a data file from Bookshelf into my Multiscribe package.

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And this really opens up the world of CD-ROM for our users,

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and especially our education customers are very interested in being able to access all the data that you can find on CD-ROM applications.

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What other kind of applications do you really see in the CD-ROM area?

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Well, CD-ROM is really a new industry for us, and it's really exploding.

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And we're supporting it now with the CD-ROM drive that we introduced in March.

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This is the first time that we've actually supported it on the Apple II line.

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So any large storage application, this one is a good example.

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I guess Encyclope is that one.

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Exactly.

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Could you run us back to the operating system and show us some of the new tools that are in the OS?

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Yeah. In addition to the new operating system,

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we've created two new utilities that will really help our users better manage their hard files,

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as well as configure their systems.

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As you probably know better than I, computing is becoming much more complex.

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So two of the new utilities that we have that I'm launching right now is the installer.

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The installer is a great program because it allows the user to really easily configure their systems.

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If you start adding hard drives and CD-ROMs and various other things,

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it becomes somewhat complicated to make sure you have the right drivers.

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So on the left-hand side right here, I have some of the different drivers that you can add to your system,

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everything from MIDI to image writer support to CD-ROM support.

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I'm going to click on CD-ROM and install this driver.

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That way I know I'll definitely be able to run this program.

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What you can see right now is a little box that's giving you feedback on the process of adding the driver,

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as well as what files are being added.

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So you don't have to worry about the different system file management.

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It's taking care of it for you.

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You've got one other new utility in there, don't you?

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Sure. Let me get out of this, and we'll go into the advanced disk utility.

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And that lets you do what?

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The advanced disk utility really helps you set up your hard drive

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and manage the information that's found there.

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Users, when they first start setting up their hard drive,

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they'll need to either initialize it or zero it out if it has other information.

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But another important element to this is partitioning,

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and that's something we haven't supported prior to today, or actually in the last month.

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And what I'm showing you right now is a new partitioning utility.

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What I have on the right side here are three different partitions

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that we've set up on this particular hard drive,

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and I'll show you that we can change the partition size as well as...

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And why are you partitioning the disk?

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Sure. One of the reasons you might partition a disk is to have different file formats.

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Maybe you want to mix pastel files with Proto files, things like that.

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So I can add and delete partitions and change the partition sizes.

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Okay, Ann, can I ask you to load up Stu's program while I talk to Stu?

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How important is the 2GS as a product line to software developers like Activision?

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Well, Activision is really dedicated to the Apple IIGS

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and to that education and home marketplace that Ann had mentioned.

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To the large, growing developer base, I think you're seeing a lot more activity in the GS

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as some of the original Apple II developers have now started shifting their emphasis over to the new machine.

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Do you have any idea what the size of that market is now?

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Right now there's over 300,000 2GSs installed, and that's growing.

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We anticipate, as what happened last year, that during the Christmas quarter,

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they'll sell more Apple IIGSs than any other Apple CPU.

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Stu, you've got a paint program from Activision, which takes advantage of the graphics of the GS.

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Describe it and show it to us.

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Yeah, this is Paintworks Gold, and Paintworks Gold is one of eight products that we make for the Apple IIGS.

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Paintworks Gold was derived from Paintworks Plus, which is a 512K version of the product for ease of use

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and has made its way into many schools.

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What we're going to take a look at here are some of the advanced features that you can do with the 2GS using Paintworks Gold.

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Now, the image it's going to load is one that you may have seen.

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It's the Taj Mahal.

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And we're going to use two features, slippy colors, which is a unique feature,

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and then masking colors to make the Taj Mahal actually reflected in the pool below.

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What slippy colors actually allows you to do is define colors for your lasso tool to slip around.

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So we're going to define all the colors that are used in the sky.

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Then we're going to choose our lasso tool and select the Taj Mahal.

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You'll note, once I have released this, that just the Taj Mahal is selected.

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This allows you to pick out objects that you want from any painting.

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So we're going to go ahead and flip this Taj Mahal around to paste it down below.

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So we'll just flip it vertically.

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Now we have our Taj.

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Now I'm going to move the screen around a bit.

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So first we'll cut this out, grab our handle.

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Now let's paste in the Taj Mahal.

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As we move it up, now we have a perfect reflection.

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Well, near perfect because you can see it's overlapping the grass.

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Well, that's where masking colors comes in.

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You can actually mask these colors so that you can paint behind them or around them.

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Show us how you do that.

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I'll go ahead and mask some colors here.

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I'm going to mask every single color and then unmask the colors that may be in the water.

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Now you'll note as it has made its selection that instantly the Taj goes behind.

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In fact, you can actually paint behind the other objects that you see here on the screen.

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The last thing that we're going to do here is just make this a nice sunset picture.

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And we'll do that by changing the colors.

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Now the sky was actually created using some gradient colors.

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We'll go in and change those colors.

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We'll choose a color of red, and I want to adjust my entire palette to it.

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And I'll start picking out some oranges that might work well in a sunset sky.

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And there you have it.

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That's an impressive product.

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Stu, thank you very much.

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It's a nice looking machine and operating system, and thank you.

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That's our look at the new Apple IIc Plus and the new Apple IIgs.

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Hope we'll see you here again next week on the Computer Chronicles.

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♪♪

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In the random access file this week, an announcement from Toshiba that could replace

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floppy and hard disk drives in the near future.

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Toshiba says it has developed a 4 megabit electronically erasable,

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programmable read-only memory chip.

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The chip provides a readout time of 1.6 microseconds.

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This is approximately 1,000 times faster than conventional floppy disk,

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and it takes the chip 1 microsecond to erase or store data.

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Toshiba says the chip eliminates the need for floppy or hard disk drives,

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and Toshiba believes without the cumbersome disk drives,

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drastically smaller computer systems could be on the market within three years.

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A new Macintosh laptop should be out by this summer.

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Still no specific launch date has been announced, price range,

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or specifications for the system.

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But there have been leaks by a Dillon Reid analyst who says the new model should be

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introduced in June and cost about $6,000.

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And the word is the launch of the laptop has been delayed by problems with screen display.

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President Bush has okayed the foreign takeover of the U.S.'s last major producer

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of silicon wafers used to make computer chips.

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A West German firm has bought the California Monsanto electronic company.

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The U.S. now produces none of the silicon wafers made in the world,

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while the Japanese provide 70% and European companies 26%.

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The sale of Monsanto, the world's sixth largest producer of the wafers,

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was announced last November.

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TV newsman in St. Petersburg, Florida, has been arrested for allegedly cracking

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his former employee's computer system.

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Michael Shapiro left his station for a competitor four months ago.

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In January, an investigation showed that files were missing from his former station's

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newsroom computer.

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A probe by the phone company led police to Shapiro.

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Shapiro is now on a leave of absence from his current job.

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He is facing 14 counts of computer-related crime.

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His bond is set at $14,000.

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Making long-distance phone calls and charging them to your home

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couldn't get much easier than this.

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U.S. Sprint is testing a telephone calling card that can only be used when the

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cardholder's voiceprint is verified.

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The voice card, as it's being called, is being tested by employees and selected customers.

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Here's how it works.

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Dial the 800 number, then dial in an easy-to-remember number, like your birth date,

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then give a two-second verbal password.

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Your voice is then compared to your voiceprint on Sprint's record.

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If it matches, the call goes through.

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If not, it's blocked.

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Here's something students may be interested in.

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Microsoft and Simon & Schuster's Prentice Hall College Book Division will publish

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a student version of Microsoft's Excel spreadsheet.

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The release date is scheduled for April.

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The student edition will include all the features of the retail edition.

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Candelia, a vast kingdom, a peaceful, futuristic world,

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ruled by the Lockarm Dynasty for ages.

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Its secrets are locked in the Sword of Power.

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Its creation is from the imagination of one 15-year-old, Jeffrey Campbell of Colorado.

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Campbell just won first prize for his story.

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He was competing in a contest by Nintendo.

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The contest was to come up with the wildest plot for a new video game.

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Campbell did and won.

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Campbell's game idea was just one of over 10,000 entries by youngsters ages 8 to 15.

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That's it for this week's Computer Chronicles.

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I'm Cynthia Steele.

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The Computer Chronicles is made possible in part by McGraw-Hill,

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publishers of Byte Magazine,

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and Bix, the Byte Information Exchange.

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In print and online, Byte and Bix serve computer professionals worldwide

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with detailed information on new hardware, software, and technologies.

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For a transcript of this week's Computer Chronicles,

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send $4 to PTV Publications, Post Office Box 701, Kent, Ohio, 44240.

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Please indicate program date.

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Computer Chronicles